The DOGE team included several convicted teenage hackers, one known as 'big balls', messing around in government systems and copying data to random laptops.
Fantastic.
I'll be interested to browse this sensitive data at some point when it inevitably becomes public in the next few years as a result of this kakistocracy.
ofjcihen · 12h ago
No this is the DOGE team that was demanding that none of their access be logged while also requesting access with no limits from any device at any time.
All jokes aside I’m confused why some people are responding to valid criticisms of this team by saying that we only care because they’re young.
thinkingtoilet · 10h ago
I don't know anyone who has worked with young 20 somethings and thought that they should have unrestricted access to sensitive data. This is not a comment on these people specifically, it's a comment on all people of that age. I include myself in that group. Under no circumstances should I have been allowed that kind of access at 22.
cedws · 7h ago
Snowdon, in his biography, recalls working with other 20-somethings in his work at the NSA. They abused their access egregiously. They were looking at people’s nudes and stuff.
ChrisMarshallNY · 9h ago
I did have it (early email system).
I abused that access, and almost got fired.
Taught me a big lesson.
whycome · 6h ago
I bet you also think men in their 80s shouldn’t run the country
latency-guy2 · 9h ago
Right, but that's a comment on yourself, even if you meant that for everyone else. Society absolutely trusts 20 somethings for sensitive data all the time.
Don't give me the bullshit about "this situation". Go to your nearest hospital and notices a sea of young nurses handling you and your family's medical data on a clipboard, paper, and a very poorly secured 20 year old workstation.
You are inconsistent, and you will continue to be inconsistent. In fact, your bank account info is known by the teller who has similar qualifications, your purchases and address is known by the customer service representative hired straight out of high school or in a call center in Egypt, and so much more.
This talking point is entirely a political cudgel that only makes sense to the kind of folk that do not think past their favorite politician's tweets. On that fact, wanna know who's been managing your letters/calls that you've been sending your politician? These ones know your phone number, and any modern filter will be looking for your address.
eviks · 4h ago
> Go to your nearest hospital and notices a sea of young nurses handling you and your family's medical data on a clipboard, paper, and a very poorly secured 20 year old workstation.
If you ignore the core difference - scale - you won't be able to see the difference. Young nurse won't be able to leak all data on all people even if those local papers and workstation are left on the sidewalk for anyone to see
MisterKent · 9h ago
Generically, the social security tech arm probably hires 20 somethings that have a way to access that data as well.
JCattheATM · 11h ago
Because they don't have valid defenses or counter-arguments.
Not only were the kids, and they were kids, they were also convicted criminals.
bloomingeek · 9h ago
No, the joke is your naive statement. Unless you've been under a rock the last ten or so years, you'd understand how incredibly stupid the whole DOGE debacle is.
All the collected info will soon either be used against us or sold to the highest bidder. (No, that's not paranoia, that's how the current administration acts.)
ofjcihen · 6h ago
It’s all fun and games until someone misreads the tone of your post on HN :(
anonymousiam · 7h ago
The US IC uses convicted hackers all the time. I was shocked when I learned that certain felons can still get a TS clearance, as long as they stay clean.
toomanyrichies · 7h ago
Source?
anonymousiam · 7h ago
Personal experience. Sorry, I cannot provide anything else. Believe me or don't believe me. I had clearances for over 40 years, now I'm retired.
mensetmanusman · 7h ago
So do faang.
dinkumthinkum · 10h ago
I’m just being honest, but this is such a normie take that I would expect more on MSNBC. The whole name thing was a troll on LinkedIn, I believe. I would think if anyone understood this culture, it would be HN, but maybe that was more like a decade ago.
BLKNSLVR · 10h ago
'Normie' takes are what's needed when dealing with sensitive data of this scale.
"Move fast and break things" is fine for startups risking their own life savings or venture capital. It's not ok for governments that are meant to be looking after the health and welfare of their population.
The Clinton / Gore approach seemed to work. Unfortunately it wasn't glamorously headline-making, it was just hard work, so it hasn't been replicated since.
"Understanding this culture" is understanding it needs serious adult supervision to work on things that support society itself.
JCattheATM · 10h ago
I'm pretty skeptical of people that use terms like 'normie' myself.
The name itself is not a primary issue, just a gauge of maturity, the bigger issue should probably be the criminal convictions.
mensetmanusman · 7h ago
It’s baseline internet culture these days among the under 40 crowd.
verandaguy · 10h ago
Okay, yeah, but you kinda want people in your government to (a) not be defined by their history of trolling, (b) not be associated with crypto scams, and (c) maybe be marginally trained and competent at what they do, no?
glimshe · 12h ago
The whole 'big balls' thing is a silly ad-hominem that weakens your argument.
I've worked with payment processing and some of the guys I saw makes 'big balls' look like an experienced and reliable custodian. Not to mention the high turnover, bargain priced overseas software outsourcing sweatshops.
JCattheATM · 11h ago
> The whole 'big balls' thing is a silly ad-hominem that weakens your argument.
It's not an ad-hom, it's a metric to gauge the maturity of the teenager granted such high level access and responsibility.
No comments yet
kevin_thibedeau · 10h ago
BB is a script kiddie. How would you know how good his DOGE performance is to make a valid comparison.
wat10000 · 10h ago
"Ad-hominem" translates as "to the person" and means an argument that attacks the person they're arguing against rather than actually addressing the topic being discussed.
Here, the topic is a person. It's not an ad-hominem to describe facts about a person when your argument is explicitly about that person.
No comments yet
ofjcihen · 12h ago
I don’t know that that makes the argument for them having access to this data any better.
Alupis · 12h ago
> The DOGE team included the teenage hackers
It's amusing to me how so many people want to believe technical workers within the government are apparently all crusty, old, 50-something's instead of young "kids" in their twenties and thirties.
NSA, every branch of the military, and more are bursting at the seams with twenty-somethings that have access to some of the most sensitive information on the planet... yet nobody bats an eye.
Then we can consider the technical staff at places such as Experian, Capital One, and more... they're all fairly young too.
This has turned into quite the political narrative... "twenty-somethings have access to your data - be afraid, very afraid!"
viraptor · 12h ago
I'm not sure what what op meant. At least two people there were teenage hackers, but not in a positive sense. They were part of crime organisations.
But even concentrating on the age part - people in their 20s are working NSA and others. They're extremely unlikely to have access to the most sensitive information unsupervised since they're not senior enough. And definitely don't have a Yolo level decision making responsibilities. The restrictions, reporting, clearances and rules following in some of those places are unlike anything Doge ever did.
dinkumthinkum · 10h ago
Teenagers, as you say, are entrusted by the government with weapons that can destroy and cause untold amount of damage on personnel and property and nobody has complained about that. There even 17-year-olds with such responsibility. Also, plenty of people in their early 20s either have access to sensitive data or have access to code accessing such data.
martin-t · 10h ago
You say entrusted like it's some great honor. Teenagers are _used_ in wars because they are easy to manipulate, indoctrinate and control.
viraptor · 5h ago
> weapons that can destroy and cause untold amount of damage on personnel and property and nobody has complained about that.
"Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?" was about teens being sent out as well.
yencabulator · 12h ago
There's a big difference in consequences. Military, copy wrong data to random laptop -> court martial.
Alupis · 12h ago
Are you suggesting there are no consequences for government employees who willfully steal and/or leak confidential data?
The Espionage Act of 1917, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and Economic Espionage Act, among others, beg to differ.
throw0101c · 12h ago
> Are you suggesting there are no consequences for government employees who willfully steal and/or leak confidential data?
Depends on who your friends in government are.
> The Espionage Act of 1917, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and Economic Espionage Act, among others, beg to differ.
Assaulting police officers and trying to overthrow the government is also illegal. People have been convicted of it. And yet if you know the right people you won't suffer any consequences:
with this administration, nobody is suggesting that at all. there is no doubt there are no consequences if you're taking orders directly from the supreme leader or his immediate staff. that's a certainty.
dinkumthinkum · 10h ago
Wait, which administration are you talking about?
drivingmenuts · 12h ago
Prosecuting crimes under those acts requires an AG who's qualified and isn't kowtowing to a President more than willing to pardon traitors and a judiciary that isn't blindly following a conservative agenda.
We are fucked without even the benefit of lube.
No comments yet
JCattheATM · 12h ago
> It's amusing to me how so many people want to believe technical workers within the government are apparently all crusty, old, 50-something's instead of young "kids" in their twenties and thirties.
The word I used was 'teenage'.
stefan_ · 12h ago
Wow, and here I thought it's because the guy calls himself "Big Balls" and has a career in .. Discord crypto scams? You know, hacker as in "criminal", just too stupid to appear on Brian Krebs.
No, it was just the age apparently.
Alupis · 12h ago
Are you alleging the government did not conduct the normal and required background checks/investigations for security clearances in Coristine's case?
stefan_ · 12h ago
Am I talking to GPT? Is your knowledge cutoff 2 years ago? Invoke the web tool, do the research. Bizarre redirect into statute reading, tremendously boring.
ofjcihen · 12h ago
I’m thinking this is just one of those that’s become emotionally invested in defending a certain group for some reason and he’s going to make an argument against anything he perceives as a slight towards them.
JCattheATM · 11h ago
> one of those that’s become emotionally invested in defending a certain group for some reason
Sunk cost fallacy is a hell of a thing. It's why Q-Anon was able to grow.
jwlake · 9h ago
These NEW 20 year olds are scary!
cryptonector · 7h ago
I really dislike the billing of "injunction lifted" as "court decides that [...]". Finality matters more. And before you say that DOGE getting into Treasury is a problem blah blah blah they've already been there and the Secretary can do the things that DOGE wants independently of DOGE anyways.
JKCalhoun · 13h ago
> The conservative-majority court, with its three liberal justices objecting, granted an emergency application filed by the Trump administration asking the justices to lift an injunction issued by a federal judge in Maryland.
Wild. I remember when it was presumed that Conservative meant protector of individual freedoms, rights.
BLKNSLVR · 10h ago
And also letting the States do most of the governing.
Except California, they're fucking wrong! ;)
eviks · 4h ago
That was never the case, but like it didn't stop the presumption from appearing then, nothing stops from keeping the same presumtion now
kibwen · 13h ago
Were these the same conservatives trying to argue that chattel slavery should be legal, at the discretion of the state?
Republicans, not conservatives, might rightfully have been the party of protecting individual rights and freedoms. Back in the 1850s.
krapp · 13h ago
>I remember when it was presumed that Conservative meant protector of individual freedoms, rights.
Presumed by whom? I've always understood Conservatism to be explicitly Christian in its ideology, opposed to womens' rights, "non-traditional" sexual orientation and gender identity, abortion, multiculturalism, pornography, modern art, rock music, drug use and a litany of other things. The freedom to think and act outside of the box of "traditional American values and culture" has rather more often been championed by progressives and leftists.
Conservatives do support the individual freedom to own a gun, though. For individuals of a certain phenotype.
JCattheATM · 12h ago
> Conservatives do support the individual freedom to own a gun, though. For individuals of a certain phenotype.
Which is funny, right? Their whole justification was to fight back if the government becomes authoritarian, when it turns out they love an authoritarian government that enforces their values.
tombert · 9h ago
They've even tried to intellectualize dictatorships by rebranding it as "unitary executive theory". They surround it with philosophical reasoning but it fundamentally boils down to "the president should be able to do whatever he wants guys!!!"
There're more than one justification given. Gun rights supporters, like the Republican party itself (and the Democratic party too, of course), are a coaltion of different interests, and not all self-described convervatives would consider gun rights to be an important issue. Some people support gun rights for self-defense, others for hunting. Really it's only the wingnut conspiracy theorists who are silly enough to believe that they could successfully fight back against the modern militarized state.
Hunting is very much a cultural issue, passed down the generations by family tradition, so you'd be hard pressed to change minds on that.
watwut · 3h ago
That does not pass the smell test. If the issue was hunting, they would be fine with restrictions on non hunting guns, background checks etc. Hunting is a sound good excuse.
lapcat · 2h ago
Keep in mind that politicians receive funding from the military-industrial complex and other lobbying groups, so they don't necessarily represent the interests of their constituents.
watwut · 1m ago
Except those constituents punish politicians and opposite party when those go against guns lobby. This is not a case of politicians going against what their constituents want.
hellotomyrars · 12h ago
It is ironic that a lot of the gun control laws conservatives rail about in California are a direct result of Reagan’s time as governor with the intent largely to suppress and allow enforcement against black people having guns.
bpodgursky · 13h ago
It's really a stretch to say that "individual freedoms" means protecting my data held by one federal agency from access by another federal agency.
It's fine if you want to call it a bad idea... but stopping this access really doesn't give me the freedom to do anything.
FireBeyond · 11h ago
I mean DOGE is ... not a federal agency.
At least that's what the administration says when they want to argue that it's not subject to FOIA.
cryptonector · 7h ago
What does DOGE auditing the Treasury have to do with 'individual freedoms, rights'? Set aside partisanship and explain please.
watwut · 3h ago
That was always a lie. Conservatives were always about own right to abuse others and never cared about rights of anyone else.
It seems likely that the Pentagon will force SpaceX to merge with another company, which should be good for Tesla and Boring, but sad for his Mars dream.
As for DOGE, Trump has a couple options. He can shut it down and blame Musk, or he can let it keep running against the advice of his team. After DOGE is gone, they will be able to get a warrant and start looking for copies of the data. The first place to look is X.
smitty1e · 11h ago
If a fraction of the lurid tales of corruption prove valid, then this is not a bad thing.
The SSA was never anything other than a Tenth Amendment violation to begin with, as shown by FDR's court packing threat[1], so a bit of external review seems in order.
Some sort of sane transition plan off of these socialized programs would be of great interest to a super-majority of voters, one expects.
> If a fraction of the lurid tales of corruption prove valid, then this is not a bad thing.
If my grandmother had wheels she would be a bicycle.
> The SSA was never anything other than a Tenth Amendment violation to begin with, as shown by FDR's court packing threat[1], so a bit of external review seems in order.
I know about the plan. But how did you make the jump from that to SSA being unconstitutional?
> Some sort of sane transition plan off of these socialized programs would be of great interest to a super-majority of voters, one expects.
A plan to eliminate program that keeps 22 million Americans out of poverty most of whom are seniors is of great interest to a super-majority of voters?
Kids, this is what happens when you read far right conspiracy theory websites for news.
smitty1e · 8h ago
> But how did you make the jump from that to SSA being unconstitutional?
The 10A was intended to preclude scope creep. In defense of FDR, the voters let the Progressives run plays.
So here we sit, decades later, waiting for a debt bomb to 'splode.
thrance · 5h ago
The progressives were never in power...
Tell me, how will the "Big Beautiful Bill", that adds multiple trillions to the debt while gutting essential social programs, will fix your "debt bomb"?
To me, it appears like straight up stealing, putting all the country's wealth in tax cuts to the rich and government contracts to military contractors. All the while placing the country on a sure path to financial and social ruin.
Dracophoenix · 4h ago
> The progressives were never in power...
Prohibition, state-run eugenics programs, the end of freedom of contract, Wickard v. Fillburn, the Imperial Presidency, internationalist interventionism, etc. were all born from the original Progressivism movement.
eviks · 4h ago
Since "a bit of external review" was always there, what's your actual argument that a review by this specific team is in order?
More specifically, a stable system requires feedback loops.
Ours, like a vehicle without brakes, is running open-loop.
I guess that if all one cares about is blame management, then we can all just blame ${FIGURE} when the whole thing "unexpextedly" craters, rather than putting on the Big People Pants and reforming matters.
eviks · 2h ago
You can't use generic pants/vehicles metaphors instead of a specific response and say it's more specific - it isn't, even to those people who care about more than blaming "management"
BLKNSLVR · 10h ago
What are these "lurid tales of corruption"?
There was the proven false claim that 40% of phone calls to SSA were fraudulent. I think it was DOGE fraud checking systems that proved that claim false, quite soon after Musk proclaimed it.
Personally, it feels like the tiny nibbles that DOGE has managed to save from the massive banquet of spending that US government does is proof that there really isn't a lot of waste based on corruption. The spending is systemic and has built up over decades of various policy changes throughout many administrations of both colours.
Off topic, it feels as if this administration has also very effectively disproved any theory about the presence of a deep state controlling things from the background. Interestingly, Trump appears to be trying to show that it's possible, except for the fact that he's putting ridiculously unqualified and incompetent boobs into positions of influence. It'd be laughable except for the fact that this is not a TV show, this is real life.
smitty1e · 9h ago
Not laughable: the ridiculous deficit/debt.
> The spending is systemic and has built up over decades of various policy changes throughout many administrations of both colours.
Strong concur. Time for reform.
watwut · 3h ago
Except that the administration is about to create biggest deficit ever. And they were unabke to find waste.
It is funny ... employment by goverment was actually going down for years. America has low taxes so it could pay its debt, but it is choosing to lower them for richests and put more debt in.
smitty1e · 2h ago
> America has low taxes
For whom, pray tell? Look at your combined burden, top to bottom, at all levels.
Fantastic.
I'll be interested to browse this sensitive data at some point when it inevitably becomes public in the next few years as a result of this kakistocracy.
All jokes aside I’m confused why some people are responding to valid criticisms of this team by saying that we only care because they’re young.
I abused that access, and almost got fired.
Taught me a big lesson.
Don't give me the bullshit about "this situation". Go to your nearest hospital and notices a sea of young nurses handling you and your family's medical data on a clipboard, paper, and a very poorly secured 20 year old workstation.
You are inconsistent, and you will continue to be inconsistent. In fact, your bank account info is known by the teller who has similar qualifications, your purchases and address is known by the customer service representative hired straight out of high school or in a call center in Egypt, and so much more.
This talking point is entirely a political cudgel that only makes sense to the kind of folk that do not think past their favorite politician's tweets. On that fact, wanna know who's been managing your letters/calls that you've been sending your politician? These ones know your phone number, and any modern filter will be looking for your address.
If you ignore the core difference - scale - you won't be able to see the difference. Young nurse won't be able to leak all data on all people even if those local papers and workstation are left on the sidewalk for anyone to see
Not only were the kids, and they were kids, they were also convicted criminals.
All the collected info will soon either be used against us or sold to the highest bidder. (No, that's not paranoia, that's how the current administration acts.)
"Move fast and break things" is fine for startups risking their own life savings or venture capital. It's not ok for governments that are meant to be looking after the health and welfare of their population.
The Clinton / Gore approach seemed to work. Unfortunately it wasn't glamorously headline-making, it was just hard work, so it hasn't been replicated since.
"Understanding this culture" is understanding it needs serious adult supervision to work on things that support society itself.
The name itself is not a primary issue, just a gauge of maturity, the bigger issue should probably be the criminal convictions.
I've worked with payment processing and some of the guys I saw makes 'big balls' look like an experienced and reliable custodian. Not to mention the high turnover, bargain priced overseas software outsourcing sweatshops.
It's not an ad-hom, it's a metric to gauge the maturity of the teenager granted such high level access and responsibility.
No comments yet
Here, the topic is a person. It's not an ad-hominem to describe facts about a person when your argument is explicitly about that person.
No comments yet
It's amusing to me how so many people want to believe technical workers within the government are apparently all crusty, old, 50-something's instead of young "kids" in their twenties and thirties.
NSA, every branch of the military, and more are bursting at the seams with twenty-somethings that have access to some of the most sensitive information on the planet... yet nobody bats an eye.
Then we can consider the technical staff at places such as Experian, Capital One, and more... they're all fairly young too.
This has turned into quite the political narrative... "twenty-somethings have access to your data - be afraid, very afraid!"
But even concentrating on the age part - people in their 20s are working NSA and others. They're extremely unlikely to have access to the most sensitive information unsupervised since they're not senior enough. And definitely don't have a Yolo level decision making responsibilities. The restrictions, reporting, clearances and rules following in some of those places are unlike anything Doge ever did.
Yeah... No.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_V...
"Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?" was about teens being sent out as well.
The Espionage Act of 1917, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and Economic Espionage Act, among others, beg to differ.
Depends on who your friends in government are.
> The Espionage Act of 1917, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and Economic Espionage Act, among others, beg to differ.
Assaulting police officers and trying to overthrow the government is also illegal. People have been convicted of it. And yet if you know the right people you won't suffer any consequences:
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon_of_January_6_United_Sta...
We are fucked without even the benefit of lube.
No comments yet
The word I used was 'teenage'.
No, it was just the age apparently.
Sunk cost fallacy is a hell of a thing. It's why Q-Anon was able to grow.
Wild. I remember when it was presumed that Conservative meant protector of individual freedoms, rights.
Except California, they're fucking wrong! ;)
Republicans, not conservatives, might rightfully have been the party of protecting individual rights and freedoms. Back in the 1850s.
Presumed by whom? I've always understood Conservatism to be explicitly Christian in its ideology, opposed to womens' rights, "non-traditional" sexual orientation and gender identity, abortion, multiculturalism, pornography, modern art, rock music, drug use and a litany of other things. The freedom to think and act outside of the box of "traditional American values and culture" has rather more often been championed by progressives and leftists.
Conservatives do support the individual freedom to own a gun, though. For individuals of a certain phenotype.
Which is funny, right? Their whole justification was to fight back if the government becomes authoritarian, when it turns out they love an authoritarian government that enforces their values.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory
Hunting is very much a cultural issue, passed down the generations by family tradition, so you'd be hard pressed to change minds on that.
It's fine if you want to call it a bad idea... but stopping this access really doesn't give me the freedom to do anything.
At least that's what the administration says when they want to argue that it's not subject to FOIA.
As for DOGE, Trump has a couple options. He can shut it down and blame Musk, or he can let it keep running against the advice of his team. After DOGE is gone, they will be able to get a warrant and start looking for copies of the data. The first place to look is X.
The SSA was never anything other than a Tenth Amendment violation to begin with, as shown by FDR's court packing threat[1], so a bit of external review seems in order.
Some sort of sane transition plan off of these socialized programs would be of great interest to a super-majority of voters, one expects.
[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_B...
If my grandmother had wheels she would be a bicycle.
> The SSA was never anything other than a Tenth Amendment violation to begin with, as shown by FDR's court packing threat[1], so a bit of external review seems in order.
I know about the plan. But how did you make the jump from that to SSA being unconstitutional?
> Some sort of sane transition plan off of these socialized programs would be of great interest to a super-majority of voters, one expects.
A plan to eliminate program that keeps 22 million Americans out of poverty most of whom are seniors is of great interest to a super-majority of voters?
Kids, this is what happens when you read far right conspiracy theory websites for news.
The 10A was intended to preclude scope creep. In defense of FDR, the voters let the Progressives run plays.
So here we sit, decades later, waiting for a debt bomb to 'splode.
Tell me, how will the "Big Beautiful Bill", that adds multiple trillions to the debt while gutting essential social programs, will fix your "debt bomb"?
To me, it appears like straight up stealing, putting all the country's wealth in tax cuts to the rich and government contracts to military contractors. All the while placing the country on a sure path to financial and social ruin.
Prohibition, state-run eugenics programs, the end of freedom of contract, Wickard v. Fillburn, the Imperial Presidency, internationalist interventionism, etc. were all born from the original Progressivism movement.
More specifically, a stable system requires feedback loops.
Ours, like a vehicle without brakes, is running open-loop.
I guess that if all one cares about is blame management, then we can all just blame ${FIGURE} when the whole thing "unexpextedly" craters, rather than putting on the Big People Pants and reforming matters.
There was the proven false claim that 40% of phone calls to SSA were fraudulent. I think it was DOGE fraud checking systems that proved that claim false, quite soon after Musk proclaimed it.
https://www.nextgov.com/digital-government/2025/05/doge-went...
Personally, it feels like the tiny nibbles that DOGE has managed to save from the massive banquet of spending that US government does is proof that there really isn't a lot of waste based on corruption. The spending is systemic and has built up over decades of various policy changes throughout many administrations of both colours.
Off topic, it feels as if this administration has also very effectively disproved any theory about the presence of a deep state controlling things from the background. Interestingly, Trump appears to be trying to show that it's possible, except for the fact that he's putting ridiculously unqualified and incompetent boobs into positions of influence. It'd be laughable except for the fact that this is not a TV show, this is real life.
> The spending is systemic and has built up over decades of various policy changes throughout many administrations of both colours.
Strong concur. Time for reform.
It is funny ... employment by goverment was actually going down for years. America has low taxes so it could pay its debt, but it is choosing to lower them for richests and put more debt in.
For whom, pray tell? Look at your combined burden, top to bottom, at all levels.