Might be unfair to call Proton a "translation layer" because the Win32 API is not defined in terms of system calls but rather a set of functions exported from a DLL.

Proton supplies a DLL that implements the Win32 API using Linux syscalls. Windows supplies a DLL that implements that Win32 API using Windows syscalls that you're not really supposed to use directly.

homarp · 22m ago

https://www.winehq.org/ calls it a compatibility layer that translates calls on the fly.

so 'translation layer' is not that unfair.

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