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Load-Store Conflicts

117 ashvardanian 5 5/4/2025, 5:18:42 PM zeux.io ↗

Comments (5)

Sesse__ · 33d ago

I find Clang generally a bit too eager to combine loads. This is especially bad when returning structs through the stack; you typically write them piecemeal in some function, return, and then the caller often wants to copy it from the stack into somewhere else, which it does with SIMD loads/stores.

This is a significant problem on AMD; Intel and Apple seems to be better.

cwzwarich · 33d ago

> This is a significant problem on AMD; Intel and Apple seems to be better.

When did this change? In my testing years ago (while I was writing Rosetta 2, so Icelake-era Intel), Intel only allowed a load to forward from a single store, and no partial forwarding (i.e. mixed cache/register) without a huge penalty, whereas AMD at least allowed partial forwarding (or had a considerably lower penalty than Intel).

Sesse__ · 33d ago

I don't know if AMD allows more or fewer _situations_, but empirically, I'm seeing a lot of total cycles lost to this on Zen 2 and 3, and much less on the Intel CPUs I've been testing (mostly Skylake derivatives and Alder Lake).

I haven't tested Zen 4 or 5, but I haven't heard anything that indicates they should be a lot better.

cwzwarich · 33d ago

Interesting! IIRC, the LLVM passes dedicated to dodging this issue were contributed by Intel engineers, so maybe there’s some bias.

haberman · 33d ago

A very interesting article that goes deeper into store-to-load forwarding than anything I’ve read before.